Post-Colonialism-Trying To Regain Individuality Essays -

Post-Colonialism-Trying to Regain Individuality Post-Colonialism-Trying to Regain Individuality Indeed, the stranger has unusual customs. The white man held the paper like a sacred thing. His hands shook, and we mistrusted him... For how many moons will the stranger be among us? (Vera 43) The stranger still lives among the people of Zimbabwe, though the colonial political authority has left. Yet I wonder if the town elder speaking in the above passage from Yvonne Vera's Nehanda would recognize current Zimbabwean authorities as strangers or countrymen. Could he relate to today's government officials and understand the languages which they speak? Would he feel at home in an African country with borders defined by European imperial powers without regard to the various ethnic nations involved? Post-colonial theory attempts to explain problems such as these, yet it does so almost exclusively in the languages of the European colonial powers. Europeans even created the word Africa. "To name the world is to 'understand' it, to know it and to have control over it" (Ashcroft 283). Because knowledge is power, and words, whether written or spoken, are the medium of exchange, using words incurs responsibility. One must use special care with broadly defined words and terms, such as post-colonial. Post-colonial literature describes a wide array of experiences set in the contexts of heterogeneous societies which themselves represent many different ethnic groups. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin define post-colonial theory as discussion of "migration, slavery, suppression, resistance, representation, difference, race, gender, place, and responses to the influential master discourses of imperial Europe... and the fundamental experiences of speaking and writing by which all these come into being" (Ashcroft 2). The wide-ranging nature of the term post-colonial threatens to weaken its usefulness by "diffusion... so extreme that it is used to refer to not only vastly different but even opposed activities" (Ashcroft 2). Post-colonialism encompasses many of the issues encountered in the work we have discussed thus far in the semester. Yet because vague and generalized theories have limits and tend to oversimplify, clouding over real problems, one must handle the term with care. Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin suggest that we should restrict the term post-colonial to signify after colonialism. "All post-colonial societies are still subject in one way or another to overt or subtle forms of neo-colonial domination, and independence has not solved the problem" (Ashcroft 2). After colonialism, new elites, often in the form of dictators, frequently rose and still rise to power in post-colonial countries. In Chinua Achebe's Anthills of the Savannah, Ikem complains about countrymen worse than thieves, "leaders who openly looted our treasury, whose effrontery soiled our national soul" (Achebe 39). Ikem refers not to the white strangers but rather to Africans who have ruled with policies similar to those of colonial oppression. With the British empire gone, African societies must look inward to find remnants of colonialism which continue to harm their nations, and perhaps, find those which are advantageous in the new world they have been thrust into. Ikem's speech directed to all Nigerians rather than to any particular class pleads, "you must develop the habit of skepticism, not swallow every piece of superstition you are told by witch doctors and professors... When you rid yourself of these things your potentiality for assisting and directing this nation will be quadrupled" (Achebe 148). Part of the danger of the term post-colonial stems from people's disregard of their responsibility for their situation. As Ikem notes in his speech, people prefer to blame other groups, perhaps even post-colonialism, for their problems and rarely comprehend that only they can help themselves. Yet for people to act responsibly, they must first have a certain level of understanding of the situation which faces them. However, because colonialism and exposure to Western culture caused so many changes in African societies, people were thrust into new experiences which they could not comprehend with the guidance of the old traditions. In Ken Saro-Wiwa's Forest of Flowers, when a young man becomes dumbfounded after bringing home a man who he thought was a woman, people explain transvestites in the following manner. "One man said it was spirit, another said fairy and another ghost" (Saro-Wiwa 73). Resorting to old superstitious explanations of events makes it very difficult to understand real life situations and from thence, act responsibly in them. Too much has changed to simply revert to the old ways of life. New problems exist and will continue to do so unless one can learn to deal them in the modern context. Blaming post-colonial syndrome for the ills of developing countries sentences those countries to continue in their state of hardship. Rewinding the clock to prevent colonialism from

The two wrongs of an alcoholic case, by F. Scott Fitzgerald

The two wrongs of an alcoholic case, by F. Scott Fitzgerald 'The Two Wrongs of an Alcoholic Case'In his writings, F. Scott Fitzgerald sometimes blends many similar character traits among the main characters. So it goes with 'Two Wrongs,' and 'An Alcoholic Case.' Perhaps it may seem an unlikely choice for a comparison/contrast, however I believe these stories are very much correlated. From the way that Fitzgerald typecasts, 'alcoholic artists' as the main characters, to the similarities in the reactions and emotions of the supporting characters, both of which are females. With this also are the cases of the men having changes of hearts and trying to achieve a sense of nobility and character. These are just some of the similarities in Fitzgerald's stories.These two stories share common thread in that the two main characters are artists, one theatrical producer and one cartoonist, both possessing alcohol problems. In 'Two Wrongs,' Bill McChesney is a successful theatrical producer living in New York, who in three years has produced nine shows of which, one was a flop.F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1937, June 4Bill is a man who has it all and knows it. He is a man who takes his profession seriously in the way that it produces many social advantages and opportunities.In the other story we have an out of work cartoonist who also has an alcoholic problem. His is a condition that is so bad it requires him to have a nurse. This is an obvious and maybe at first glance, the only similarity between the two stories. In Fitzgerald's stories, fictional problems are often the result of alcoholism. There are, however more similarities than that.Gamble, 2There are also similarities in the supporting characters. Emmy Pinkard in 'Two Wrongs,' is Bill McChesney's wife who is struggling in her pursuit of a career as a ballet dancer. At the same time she...